Mugisha Issa Blog Site

How to send, attach and save pictures in an email

Mugisha Issa — Sat, 24 Oct 2009 11:54:10 +0000

How to attach, send, and save pictures in Outlook

The best part about sending e-mail is that you can send your favorite picture along with it. Gone are the good old days of having to get your photos developed so you can share them. Now all you have to do is attach it to an email and send.

An e-mail attachment is a file you include with an e-mail. For example, you can attach a text document, a small file, or a picture to share with someone.

To insert a picture you should know where the file is located on your computer. Most people store their pictures in the My picture folder which is located in My Documents. You must also consider the size of the file before you send it. A large picture can take along time to download and the person you are sending it to may not happy about that. For example pictures taken from a 7 mega pixel digital camera can be huge and must be resized. Sometimes your email program will ask you if you would like to make your picture smaller to send.

How to place a picture with your email

In the email

1. Open a New Message box
2. Choose insert from the top menu, then choose Picture.

3. The box below appears. Press on Browse to find the picture you want to insert.
4. Add some Alternate Text. This shows up when the user places their mouse over the
picture. Then Press OK.

The screen shot below shows that I have inserted a picture into my email. If someone sent you an email with a picture in it and you want to save it to your computer, right click your mouse on the picture. A menu will appear. Then choose save picture as….

As an attachment

1. Open a New Message box
2. Choose insert from the top menu, then choose File Attachment.
3. Now you can find the picture you want, click on it and the filename box will be filled in for you. Then
Press Attach.
See Screenshot below.
4. Now all you have to do it write your message and send.

Backup Folders

Mugisha Issa — Sat, 24 Oct 2009 11:45:16 +0000

Backup your email local folders in Outlook Express

If you want to transfer your email folders which include the inbox, outbox, etc to another computer or just back them up, I will tell you the hidden path to where they are stored. They are not only stored deep in your computer, but is also classifies as a hidden folder in Windows. For example the inbox, outbox, drafts, etc are there. All the folders you created yourself are also there.

First you must un-hide your folders so you can view them.

1. Go to the Start menu at the bottom left corner.
2. Choose My Computer.
3. Go to the menu at the top and choose Tools, then chooseFolder
options.
4. Choose View from the tabs at the top.
5. Scroll down the list and find the Hidden files and folders section. Choose to show hidden files and folders.
6. Then press Apply and then OK.

Now you can backup your email folders

1. Go to the Start menu at the bottom left corner.
2. Choose My Computer.
3. Double click on your main drive. Usually C: drive.
4. Double click on Documents and Settings, then click on your user
name.
5. Then Double Click on The local settings folder. (which is now un-hidden)
6. Then Double Click application data, then identities,
then your ID Number, then Microsoft.
7. There it is…. The Outlook Express folder. (told you it was hidden)
8. Now you can copy this folder to backup.

Here is the Path to this folder.

C:/documents and settings/your user name/local settings/application data/identities/{your ID number}/Microsoft/Outlook express

To restore this folder to your new computer

1. Navigate your way to the Microsoft folder where the Outlook Express folder is.
2. Copy your backup folder and paste it into theMicrosoft folder.
3. You will be prompted to overwrite the original Outlook Express folder. Say yes.
4. Now when you open your Email program your folders and all your previous emails will be restored.

How to Backup Your Email Account Settings in Outlook Express
Here’s a great and simple tip to backup your email account settings so you do not have to manually set it up every time you format or get a new computer. This will save you from having to find your settings if something goes wrong. I personally do not like manually setting up an email account because it is just so easy to export the settings and then import them later.

How to export your email account settings from Outlook Express:

1.Open Outlook Express
2.On the Tools menu, click Accounts.
3.On the Mail tab, choose the mail account that you want to export. Mine is called
Pop.secureserver.net.
4.Then click Export from the right side menu
5.In the Save In box, the file name will be filled in for you. It usually gets saved to My Documents.
6.Then click Save
7.Copy this file to your backup disk
8.Repeat these steps for each mail account that you want to export.

How to import your email account settings into Outlook or Windows Mail:

1.Insert your backup disk
2.Open Outlook Express
3.On the Tools menu, click Accounts
4.Choose the Mail tab
5.Then click on Import and locate the file (on your backup disc)
6.Click on your file. That’s it. Now you can check your email.

Notes:

*You can export an email account setting in Outlook Express and import it to Windows Mail in Windows Vista. However
you might have to copy the file onto the computer that you want to import the account settings to.
* We all know how important it is to backup certain files and backing these email account settings up just saves so
much time and hassle.

Import and Export Your Email Address Contacts

Mugisha Issa — Sat, 24 Oct 2009 11:04:38 +0000

How to Import and Export Your Email Contacts in Outlook Express

It is easy to import and export your email contacts in Outlook Express and you should do it as often as you can. My email contacts are extremely important, as there are not only my friends email addresses, but also my business email contacts. To backup your email contacts takes about a minute of your time, so here’s how to do it.

How to Export Your Email Contacts in Outlook Express(Addresses)

1. Select file from the top menu.
2. Then choose Export and then Address Book.

3. The box below will appear. Choose Microsoft Exchange Personal Address Book.
4. Then choose Export.
5. Your done! The file will be located in C:\Program Files\Outlook Express and called WAB.exe.

I always copy that file and put it with my backup files on a disk…

Another option is to export your Email contacts address book to a text file so you can print it out. Choose TEXT FILE from the box pictured above and then export. You will have to name the file and it will be saved in My Documents.

Once you have exported your email contacts and stored the file in a safe place, it is just as simple to import them again.

How to Import your Email Addresses and contact list.

1. Choose File from the top menu. Then Address Book.
2. Browse for your file WAB.exe and press Ok. (Where did you store it?)
3. Your email addresses will be restored to your current Address Book.

You can also copy the file manually yourself if you go to C:\Documents and Settings\your user name\Application Data\Microsoft\Address Book

Notes:

* Go to Outlook Express and export your email contacts now, while you are reading this article. Store the file on an
external device, such as an external hard drive or a flash usb stick.
* If you are not using Outlook Express, most email programs, even online services, have this same backup feature.

Creating An Email Signature

Mugisha Issa — Sat, 24 Oct 2009 10:54:18 +0000

How to Create An Email Signature with Outlook Express

Wether you are sending important business emails, or simply sending personal emails to your friends, creating an email signature can be a very valuable tool. Adding an email signature to the end of every email you send in Outlook Express will save you time and also let people know who you are. An email signature can have any information you like, your name, website link, or your return email address. You won’t have to type any of this information again. Its another chance to gain yourself some free advertising.

Here’s how to set it up:

1. Open Outlook Express
2. Go to Tools>Then Options
3. In the Options menu, choose Signatures, then select New
4. In the Edit Signature section, make sure that the “Text” selection is ticked. Or, if you would like to browse for a
signature on your hard drive, you can tick the “File” selection.
5. Enter the text for your new email signature. You could include:
* Name
* Company
* Title
* Web Address of company
* E-mail Address
6.After you’ve finished creating your new signature, click Apply. Your new signature will now be available to use with
your outgoing mail.
7.To make it permanent to attach to every email, tick the box that says Add signature to all outgoing messages.

To check out what it looks like just create a new email and it will be there. (It will be attached to every outgoing email if you tick the box as seen in the picture below.) If you haven’t ticked this box you will have to add it manually.

Here is how to attach your new signature to an Outgoing message:

If your email signature is not attached to every email here’s how to add it in for a single email.
1. Open Outlook Express
2. Click the Create Mail button
3. In the New Message window, type your message as you normally would
4. Place your cursor where you would like your signature to appear
5. Go to Insert>> Signature>> Select the signature that you would like to use

Your signature will now appear in your email message..

Message rules How to create rules in Outlook Express

Mugisha Issa — Sat, 24 Oct 2009 10:38:24 +0000

How to set message rules in Outlook Express Email

How did you ever survive without Message rules? I really don’t know how I did. It is a handy tool in Outlook Express that is used to filter and organise your email messages into specific folders that you name. They also block or delete unwanted mail. How fantastic is that? In this article I will explain how to set some simple rules that you can start with. I will use this example: My friend sends me only funny emails and her email address is me@hotmail.com.

To send all her emails to a folder named funny do this:

1.Open Outlook Express.
2.Go to the menu at the top. Choose Tools>message rules>mail, then choose new.
3. There will be 4 boxes to edit. Go to the first one and select the box>where the from line contains people.
4.Then go to the 2nd box to edit. Select>move to a specific folder.

Go to the third box to edit. Click the link that says contains people. This is where you put her email address me@hotmail.com and click add then ok. Keep adding more address’s if you want them to go to the same folder.

6.Still in third box. Click on the link that says Specific Folder. This is where you select a folder for it to go to or make a
new folder named Funny. Then press ok.
7.Go to the Fourth box to edit. Here you name the message rule. For example you could call it Funny items.
8.Your done!!! Press ok. Now next time an email comes in from me@hotmail.com Outlook Express will send it to the
folder called funny.

If I decided that her emails weren’t funny and I wanted to delete them I would do this:

1. Open Outlook Express.
2.Go to the menu at the top. Choose Tools>message rules>mail, then choose new.
3.There will be 4 boxes to edit. Go to the first one and select the box>where the from line contains people.
4.Then go to the second box to edit. Select delete.
5.Go to the third box to edit. Click the link that says contains people. This is where you put her
email address me@hotmail.com and click add then ok.
6.Go to the Fourth box to edit. Here you name the message rule. For example you could call it
rubbish or junk.
7.Press ok. Next time an email comes in from me@hotmail.com it will be deleted.

You can get a lot more technical and choose to do all sorts of things with this little trick in Outlook express. I suggest you try a few different combinations to see how it works. You can even set the message rule to auto respond to certain emails. This is why Microsoft Outlook Express is a valuable business tool.

NOTES

*Another way to make a message rule is when you have an email open, choose message from the menu above. Then choose create a message rule from…This makes it easy to create a message rule because it fills in the email address for you.

How to send an email in Outlook Express

Mugisha Issa — Sat, 24 Oct 2009 10:08:58 +0000

How to send an email in Outlook Express

1. Open Outlook Express.
2. Press on the create mail icon at the top left .
3. A new email box will appear.
4. There are three sections to fill out. To: The address of where you are sending your email.
Subject: Write the subject of your email. Content Box: Write your email in here. See Below.
5. After you have filled in your required information, go to the top menu and press the Send icon.

Who are you sending your Outlook Express Email to?

There are two way to enter who you want to send your email to. You can double click on To with the address book next to it. This will take you to your contacts list and you can choose who to add. The other way is to actually type the email address into the space provided. I can never remember anyone’s email address so I always click on to to get to the contacts list.

Notes:

* When yo send an email to someone, Outlook Express usually adds this person to your contact list automatically.
*If there are no contacts in your address book you will have no choice but to type it in manually.

Links in Email

Mugisha Issa — Sat, 24 Oct 2009 10:02:23 +0000

Make Outlook Express email open links in a new window

Sometimes when you click on a link that is contained in an Outlook Express email it hijacks your Internet Explorer page that your are already using. This is very annoying because you may not have finished viewing that page. This is why I like to make all links that I click on in an email open in a new window.

Here’s how to make Outlook Express open links in a new window.

1. Open Outlook Express
2.At the menu at the top select Tools then select Options
3.Click on the Connection tab at the top.

4.Now click the button that says Change
5.Another Box will appear. Click on the Advanced tab at the top.
6.Scroll down to find Reuse windows for launching shortcuts and remove the tick next to it
7. Then press Apply and then Ok

Now Outlook Express opens links in a new window.

How to Format XP PC

Mugisha Issa — Sat, 24 Oct 2009 09:22:31 +0000

How to Format your XP PC

Hey, Windows XP users: The blue screen of death got you down? Missing dll errors making you frown? Frequent software crashes leave you yearning for that fresh, new PC you unpacked with glee three years ago? If you’ve scrubbed for spyware and viruses, defragged, chkdsked and done the requisite rain dance but things are STILL wonky on your computer, it may be time for extreme action.

Today we’re going to go over how to format your hard drive and reinstall Windows XP from scratch to get back that shiny new operating system feeling untainted by years of wear, tear and added and removed programs.

Note for the tremulous: I cannot tell a lie; reinstalling an operating system is NOT a trivial task. There are several junctures where lots of things can go wrong that can affect the way your PC functions FOREVER. Further, this isn’t a task one can complete in just a few hours. There are lots of ways to fix PC problems before reinstalling Windows, a fresh install should be an absolute last resort. It took me three years – one which involved installing and uninstalling programs almost daily – to get to the point of reinstalling Windows. You have been warned.

Still with me? Good.

What you’ll need:

1. A Windows XP machine in dire need of a fresh start
(Without any crucial, un-backedup data on it)
2. A Windows XP installation CD with a valid Product Key
(Preferably the disc that shipped with the computer originally, in which case the Product Key won’t be obviously listed)
3. The CDs and serial numbers of all the software you need to install on your fresh “new” machine
4. Hardware driver discs that shipped with the PC and any components you added on
(Optional, but VERY strongly recommended)
5. Another ‘net-connected computer of any OS persuasion with a CD burner, thumb drive, or other removable disk
(Optional, but strongly recommended, for looking up stuff and downloading drivers in case of emergency)
6. One full day to get your PC fully functioning again.

Got all that? Good.

Let’s get started.
Step 1. Back up your data.

First, make sure absolutely NOTHING you cannot afford to lose is on the drive you’re going to install Windows on (let’s say the C: drive.) Move all your documents and settings off the machine. Back up your Firefox settings with MozBackup, export your Quicken file, SyncBack profiles, Apache configuration and absolutely anything else that you want restored after you’re done. Just make sure it’s off the machine that’s going under the knife.

Step 2. Audit your current PC setup.

Once upon a time, I did tech support for Windows 95 PCs, when “Plug and Play” was a fairly new concept that was rightly referred to as “Plug and Pray” amongst my disgruntled technician co-workers. Today, Windows XP is eons ahead of 95 in terms of its amazing ability to detect all the hardware in your computer and install the right drivers for it. HOWEVER, it’s still not perfect. PC’s come with a whole wide range of video cards and network adaptors and Bluetooth thingamajiggers, and it’s very possible you’ll install XP and it won’t know exactly what brand of TV tuner card you’ve got and how to find the driver for it.

So, before we do anything, we’re going to take an inventory of all the hardware you’ve currently got installed. I used to print a report from Device Manager for this purpose (Control Panel, System, Hardware, Device Manager, Action, Print) but a handy little utility called Belarc Advisor [via Nicholas Roussos] does a nicer job than Device Manager. Belarc will create a report detailing your system, its installed hardware components, software applications and serial numbers. Download the free Belarc, run a report and print it out. Keep it nearby for reference later.

Note: for those of you who do not have the driver discs for all your hardware – go ahead and print out the report from Device Manager in addition to the Belarc report. You’ll need all the help you can get, you brave souls.

Step 3. Take a deep breath, and say goodbye to everything on your C: drive.

Seriously. It’s all going away now. Nervous? Revisit steps 1 & 2.

Step 4. Insert the Windows installation disk into your CD drive. Shut down your PC. Then, boot from CD.

This part is important: do NOT run the Windows installation from Windows itself. Shut down first, and then boot up the machine from CD. My Dell has a little message as it’s booting up that says “Press F12 to boot from CD,” so that’s what I did. If you’re not sure how to boot from CD, check your PC’s user guide for more info.

The reason why booting from CD is important is because we’re going to delete the C: drive partition where Windows is installed and re-format it. You can’t do this if Windows booted from C:, because it can’t delete the partition from which it is running.

You CAN install Windows without deleting the partition and formatting, but that means all your program files and other riff-raff that’s collected on your C: drive will still be there when you’re done, just taking up unnecessary space. That’s not the point of all this. Be sure to boot from CD.

Step 5. Step through the Windows installation.

You’ll be greeted by WordPerfect 5.1-like blue screens with white text on them, which seem scary, but aren’t. All the directions are clearly spelled out on each of them. Still, we’ll go over what to do.

At the Welcome to Setup page, press Enter. Press F8 to accept the Windows XP Licensing Agreement. You’ll be asked if you want to repair your existing Windows XP installation. Press ESC to bypass the repair and install a fresh copy. All your existing disk partitions will be listed, like this.

You want to delete the current partition where Windows is installed. Use the arrow key to select it, and press D to delete it. Press L to confirm. Then, to create a new partition, select the unpartitioned space and press C. To create a new partition with the maximum amount of space allotted to it, press Enter.

Now select the brand spanking new partition you’ve just created to install Windows on. Format the drive as NTFS (Quick if you want, but I went thorough just to be sure.) Depending on the size of the drive and how fast your computer is, this will take some time. Get a sandwich. Then, follow Windows Setup’s steps, set your area code and name and password and let it reboot as many times as necessary until it asks you to log in for the first time. Congratulations! Welcome to your fresh new Windows installation.

But we’re not done yet.

Step 6. Install any missing drivers.

Once you get Windows XP up and running, chances are everything on your computer won’t be working perfectly. Are you connected to the internet? Can you play music? Is your screen resolution unusually large? The answer is probably no to all those questions, except the last one. Do not panic. This is the part where you install the right drivers for your hardware. First, get a list of what Windows doesn’t have installed correctly. From Control Panel, go to System, then Hardware, and click on the Device Manager. Chances are it’ll look something like mine did after my fresh installation:

Those yellow question marks/exclamation points are Windows’ way of saying “I know this hardware is here, but I don’t know what it is or how to control it.” Insert each driver CD you’ve got stacked up beside you and install the software needed for all your computer’s components. If you don’t have a driver disk, get on that other machine you’ve got next to you, and Google up the brand and model of each of the components for which you need a driver, download, burn to disk and install on your fresh Windows machine. Those two handy hardware audits you printed out in Step 2 will be your friend, but without the discs that came with your machine, it will be a bit of a guessing game, matching up the yellow question marks with the items on your reports. Take educated guesses. Good luck.

As for me, I had to manually install drivers for my video card, sound card, printer, TV tuner card and Bluetooth adaptor. Your mileage may vary.

Step 7. Update Windows.

If you used the Windows installation CD that shipped with your computer three years ago, you’ve got an old version of Windows that came out 7 service packs ago. As soon as you’re online (got that ethernet card/wifi card driver installed?) go directly to Windows Update and patch up Windows nice and tight and secure. Do not wait to do this as there are probably lots of computer baddies just beyond your network card waiting to ravage your virginal machine the minute it’s out there alone in the wild internet. Yes, that sounded dirty on purpose.
Step 8. Install all needed software applications and tweak Windows to taste.

That’s it folks, you’re in the home stretch. Go ahead and have a big old software installation party with all the apps that run your life. When you’re done, copy over your backed up data to C: (if necessary.) Then, sit back and give yourself a well-deserved pat on the back. You deserve it.

After I upgraded my PC and reinstalled Windows, the amount of used space on my C: drive was about half the size it was before I started, as was the size of my Windows registry. But most importantly, a few really annoying inexplicable problems I had disappeared – like no native Windows wifi network detection, a constant missing DLL popup when I launched one program in particular, the refusal of one piece of software to install at all. Plus, things felt snappier and happier in general.

Chapter 11

Mugisha Issa — Fri, 25 Sep 2009 09:52:53 +0000

CCNA 2 Module 11 v.4
Refer to the exhibit. What does the “O*E2″ from the “O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via

192.168.1.1, 00:05:34, Serial0/0″ line represent?

an internal type 2 OSPF route.

an external OSPF route at least two hops away.

an external OSPF route from two different sources.

***an external OSPF route that will not increment in cost.

a default route.

The route was distributed into OSPF from a type 2 router.

Refer to the exhibit. What is the cost of the route to the 10.0.0.0 network?

2

110

***1786

1.544

What three parameters must be indentical between OSPF routers in order to form

an adjacency? (Choose three.)

***area id

K-values

metric value

***hello interval

***network type

interface type

What does OSPF use to reduce the number of exchanges of routing information in

networks where large numbers of neighbors are present? (Choose two.)

root router

backup root router

domain router

backup domain router

***designated router

***backup designated router

What does OSPF use to calculate the cost to a destination network?

***bandwidth

bandwidth and hop count

bandwidth and reliability

bandwidth, load, and reliablity

A fully converged five router OSPF network has been running successfully for

several weeks. All configurations have been saved and no static routes are used. If

one router looses power and reboots, what information will be in its routing table

after the configuration file is loaded but before OSPF has converged?

All routes for the entire network will be present.

***Routes for connected networks that are operational will be in the routing table.

Because the SPF algorithm has not completed all calculations, no routes will be in

the table.

A summary route for all previously learned routes will automatically appear in the

routing table until all LSPs have been received by the router.

Refer to the exhibit. Router A is correctly configured for OSPF. Which OSPF

configuration statement or set of statements was entered for router B to generate

the exhibited routing table?

***B(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0

B(config-router)# network 10.16.1.0 0.0.0.224 area 0

B(config-router)# network 10.16.1.0 255.255.255.224 area 0

B(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.255 area 0
B(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0

Refer to the exhibit. Which network command or set of sommands will cause

OSPF to be enabled to send and receive packets for any R1 interface in the

exhibited subnets?

R1(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 area 0

***R1(config-router)# network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0

R1(config-router)# network 10.1.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R1(config-router)# network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0

R1(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
R1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

Refer to the exhibit. What does the “2″ stand for in the router ospf 2 statement?

The number 2 is the autonomous system number.

The number 2 indicates the number of networks advertised by OSPF.

***The number 2 identifies this particular instance of OSPF on this router.

The number 2 indicates the priority of the OSPF process on this router.

Refer to the exhibit. All routers have been configured with the interface priorities

that are shown. All routers were restarted simultaneously. The results of the

DR/BDR election are shown. What can be concluded about this network?

Router C cannot win a DR election under any circumstances.

If the link for interface 192.168.1.4 goes down, router B will become the new DR.

***The highest router ID was most likely determined via an OSPF router-id

statement or statements.

If a new router is added with a higher router ID than router D, it will become the

DR.

Refer to the exhibit. What configuration statements would give the results that are

shown in the output of the show ip protocols command?

B(config)# int fa0/0
B(config-if)# router-id 192.168.1.5

B(config)# int lo0
B(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.5

***B(config)# router ospf 1
B(config-router)# router-id 192.168.1.5

B (config)# router ospf 1
B(config-router)# ip address 192.168.1.5

Refer to the exhibit. How many OSPF adjacencies must be formed to build the

complete topology if a DR or BDR were not elected in this OSPF network?

4

5

***6

7

10
What is the default administrative distance for OSPF?

90

100

***110

115

120

Refer to the exhibit. Routers A, B, C, and D are all running OSPF with default

router IDs and OSPF interface priorities. Loopback interfaces are not configured

and all interfaces are operational. Router D is the DR and router C is the BDR.
What happens immediately after the following commands are entered on router A?
A(config)# interface fa0/0
A(config-if)# ip ospf priority 255

A will become the DR. D will become the BDR.

A will become the DR. C will remain the BDR.

D will remain the DR. A will become the BDR.

***D will remain the DR. C will remain the BDR.

Refer to the exhibit. All routers are running OSPF. What cost would JAX put in its

routing table for the 10.0.0.0/24 network?

2

156

1564

1785

***1787

What range of networks will be advertised in the OSPF updates by the command

Router1(config-router)# network 192.168.0.0 0.0.15.255 area 100?

192.168.0.0/24 through 192.168.0.15/24

***192.168.0.0/24 through 192.168.15.0/24

192.168.15.0/24 through 192.168.31.0/24

192.168.15.0/24 through 192.168.255.0/24

192.168.16.0/24 through 192.168.255.0/24

Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator wants to set the router ID of

Router1 to 192.168.100.1. What steps must the administrator take to accomplish

this?

shut down the loop back interface

use the OSPF router-id 192.168.100.1 command

use the clear ip ospf process command

***nothing, the router-id of Router1 is already 192.168.100.1

Refer to the exhibit. When OSPF is operational in the exhibited network, what

neighbor relationship is developed between Router1 and Router2?

***A FULL adjacency is formed.

A 2WAY adjacency is formed.

Router2 will become the DR and Router1 will become the BDR.

Both routers will become DROTHERS.

Refer to the exhibit. Assuming that the routers have default interface OSPF

priorities and no configured loopback interfaces, what two roles will router B play

on each network segment? (Choose two.)

***DR for network 192.168.1.200

BDR for network 192.168.1.200

DROTHER on 192.168.1.200

DR for network 192.168.1.204

***BDR for network 192.168.1.204

DROTHER on network 192.168.1.204

Refer to the exhibit. Router1 and Router2 are running OSPF. The show ip ospf

neighbor command reveals no neighbors. What is a possible cause?

OSPF autonomous system IDs do not match.

OSPF process IDs do not match.

OSPF network types are identical.

***OSPF hello or dead timers do not match.

Refer to the exhibit. Which command sequence on RouterB will redistribute a

gateway of last resort to the other routers in OSPF area 0?

RouterB(config)# router ospf 10
RouterB(config-router)# gateway-of-last-resort 172.16.6.6

RouterB(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0/0

***RouterB(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.6.6
RouterB(config)# router ospf 10
RouterB(config-router)# default-information originate

RouterB(config)# router ospf 10
RouterB(config-router)# default-network 172.16.6.6 0.0.0.3 area 0

RouterB(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.6.6

RouterB(config)# ip default-route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.6.6
RouterB(config)# router ospf 10
RouterB(config-router)# redistribute ip default-route

Refer to the exhibit. RouterA, RouterB, and RouterC in the diagram are running

OSPF on their Ethernet interfaces. Router D was just added to the network.

Routers are configured with the loopback interfaces (Lo 0) that are shown in the

exhibit. What happens to the OSPF DR/BDR after RouterD is added to the

network?

RouterB takes over as DR and RouterD becomes the BDR.

RouterD becomes the BDR and RouterA remains the DR.

RouterD becomes the DR and RouterA becomes the BDR.

RouterC acts as the DR until the election process is complete.

RouterD becomes the DR and RouterB remains the BDR.

***There is no change in the DR or BDR until either current DR or BDR goes

down.

Which two statements describe the use of OSPF DR/BDR elections? (Choose

two.)

Elections are always optional.

Elections are required in all WAN networks.

Elections are required in point-to-point networks.

***Elections are required in broadcast multiaccess networks.

***Elections are required in non-broadcast multiaccess networks.

Refer to the exhibit. The routers in the exhibit are using default OSPF configuration

settings to advertise all attached networks. If all of the routers start at the same

time, what will be the result of the DR and BDR elections for this single area

OSPF network? (Choose three.)

HQ will be DR for 10.4.0.0/16.

***Router A will be DR for 10.4.0.0/16.

***HQ will be BDR for 10.4.0.0/16.

Router A will be DR for 10.5.0.0/16.

***Remote will be DR for 10.5.0.0/16.

Remote will be BDR for 10.5.0.0/16.

Refer to the exhibit. What must be received between neighbors to prevent the

dead time that is shown in the exhibit from reaching zero?

any traffic through the router interfaces

routing database updates

***hello packets

BPDU packets

Chapter 10

Mugisha Issa — Fri, 25 Sep 2009 09:23:47 +0000

CCNA2 Module 10 v.4
Refer to the exhibit. When Router D is configured to use a link-state routing

protocol and is added to the network, what is the first thing that it does to begin

learning the network topology?

It sends LSP packets to Routers B and C.

It sends LSP packets to all routers in the network.

It sends Hello packets to all routers in the network.

It sends information about its directly connected neighbors to Routers A and E.

It sends information about its directly connected neighbors to all routers in the

network.

***It learns about its directly connected networks when its interfaces reach the up

state.

What two events will cause a link state router to send LSPs to all neighbors?

(Choose two.)

30 second timer expires

***whenever the network topology changes

immediately after the Bellman-Ford algorithm has run

immediately after the DUAL FSM has built the topology database

***upon initial startup of router or routing protocol

What is the final step in the link state routing process?

successors are placed into the routing table

***SPF computes best path to each destination network

LSPs are flooded to all neighbors to converge the network

DUAL algorithm is run to find best path to destination networks

What two statements correctly describe the link state routing process? (Choose

two.)

***each router in the area floods LSPs to all neighbors

***all routers in the area have identical link state databases

LSPs use the reserved multicast address of 224.0.0.10 to reach neighbors

routing loops are prevented by running the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)

Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) is the protocol used by for the delivery and

reception of LSPs

Refer to the exhibit. What kind of information would be seen in an LSP sent from

router JAX to router ATL?

hop count

uptime of the route

***cost of the link

a list of all the routing protocols in use

What feature do modern link-state protocols provide to minimize processing and

memory requirements?

***splitting routing topologies into smaller areas

assigning lower process priorities to route calculations

using update timers to restrict routing updates

strict split horizon rules to reduce routing table entries

To achieve network convergence, what three steps does each link state router

take? (Choose three.)

use automatic summarization to reduce the size of routing tables

***build a Link State Packet (LSP) containing the state of each directly connected

link

***flood the LSP to all neighbors, who then store all LSPs received in a database

discover neighbors and establish adjacencies using the hello packet sent at

regular intervals

***construct a complete map of the topology and compute the best path to each

destination network

use the DUAL FSM to select efficient, loop-free paths, and insert routes into the

routing table

What speeds up convergence in a network using link-state routing?

***updates triggered by network changes

updates sent at regular intervals

updates sent only to directly connected neighbors

updates that include complete routing tables

Why is it difficult for routing loops to occur in networks that use link-state routing?

Each router builds a simple view of the network based on hop count.

Routers flood the network with LSAs to discover routing loops.

***Each router builds a complete and synchronized view of the network.

Routers use hold-down timers to prevent routing loops.

What are some of the advantages of using a link-state routing protocol instead of a

distance vector routing protocol? (Choose two.)

The topology database eliminates the need for a routing table.

Frequent periodic updates are sent to minimize the number of incorrect routes in

the topological database.

***Routers have direct knowledge of all links in the network and how they are

connected.

***After the inital LSA flooding, they generally require less bandwidth to

communicate changes in a topology.

Link-state protocols require less router processor power than distance vector

protocols.

Which algorithm is run by link-state routing protocols to calculate the shortest path

to destination networks?

DUAL

***Dijkstra

Bellman-Ford

Diffie-Hellman

Refer to the exhibit. Which statement correctly describes the path traffic would

take from the 10.0.0.0/24 network to the 192.168.1.0/24 network if a link-state

routing protocol was in use?

BOS -> ATL because this path is the least hops

BOS -> ATL because this path is highest cost

***BOS -> ORL -> JAX -> ATL because this path is the lowest cost

traffic would load balance across all links

Which database or table must be identical on all link-state routers within an area in

order to construct an accurate SPF tree?

routing table

adjacency table

***link-state database

neighbor table

topology database

Which two routing protocols use Dijkstra’s shortest path first algorithm? (Choose

two.)

RIPv1

RIPv2

***IS-IS

BGP

EIGRP

***OSPF

When are link-state packets sent to neighbors?

every 30 seconds

every 180 seconds

after the holddown time expires

***when a link goes up or down

when a routing loop occurs

Refer to the exhibit. What does JAX do with link-state packets from ORL?

sends out its updated routing table to both ORL and BOS routers

***sends out the individual link-state packets out the interface connected to BOS

queries BOS to see if it has a better route

only adds it to the local routing table and performs no other actions

A new network administrator is given the task of selecting an appropriate dynamic

routing protocol for a software development company. The company has over 100

routers, uses CIDR and VLSM, requires fast convergence, and uses both Cisco

and non-Cisco equipment. Which routing protocol is appropriate for this company?

RIP version 2

IGRP

EIGRP

***OSPF

BGP

What action does a link-state router take immediately upon receipt of an LSP from

a neighboring router?

***floods the LSP to neighbors

calculates the SPF algorithm

runs the Bellman-Ford algorithm

computes the best path to the destination network

Refer to the exhibit. If all routers and interfaces are configured to use a link-state

routing protocol, from which routers will router D receive hello packets?

A and E

***B and C

A, B, C, and E

C only